• Results indicated that superfusion of orexin alone glutamate

  2021-10-09

  

  Results indicated that superfusion of orexin alone, glutamate alone or orexin-glutamate co-administration significantly increases the spontaneous discharge rate of LC neurons in both morphine dependent and non-dependent rats (Fig. 2, Fig. 3). However, co-application of orexin and glutamate resulted

• Introduction The Hedgehog Hh signaling pathway

  2021-10-09

  

  Introduction The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway regulates embryonic organogenesis, tissue patterning, and cell differentiation (Armas-Lopez et al., 2017, Ingham and McMahon, 2013). Aberrant activation of Hh signaling pathway contributes to tumor formation and development of various cancers includi

• The findings in this study may

  2021-10-09

  

  The findings in this study may represent an example of a more general phenomenon, namely that the exquisite specificity of the G protein-coupled receptors that mediate the physiological actions of the WM-2474 family hormones in mammals may have arisen relatively late in evolution. In non-mammalian

• br Materials Aspergillus oryzae GS U mg solid

  2021-10-08

  

  Materials Aspergillus oryzae βGS (8.4 U mg−1 solid) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals Co. (USA). o-Nitrophenyl β-d-galactopyranoside (ONPG), sodium carbonate, zinc chloride, manganese chloride, calcium chloride and potassium chloride were procured from Sisco Research Laboratories (SRL), M

• It is well known that TNF plays

  2021-10-08

  

  It is well known that TNF-α plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of RA. TNF-α influences diverse pathologic processes including joint destruction as well as inflammatory responses [16]. While TNF-α significantly increases the levels of sFas and mFas expression from FLS, IL-1β and IL-17 have mini

• While published data around the functional

  2021-10-08

  

  While published data around the functional significance of GPR84 are quite sparse, details of signaling pathways initiated by the receptor are even more limited, including in recombinant systems. In recombinant cells, GPR84 activation reportedly leads to Gi pathway activation, resulting in pertussis

• br Author contributions Animal experiments real

  2021-10-08

  

  Author contributions Animal experiments, real time PCR and western blots were performed at the Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Instituto Maimónides de Investigaciones Biomédicas (IMIBIC) / Reina Sofia

• Diabetes induced damage results in peripheral

  2021-10-08

  

  Diabetes-induced damage results in peripheral nerve pathology that NG25 correlates with clinical signs and symptoms. Nerve injury that results in structural changes can be measured through clinical neurological assessment, quantitative sensory testing, nerve conduction studies, and peripheral nerve

• br Introduction Maintaining blood glucose within an appropri

  2021-10-08

  

  Introduction Maintaining blood glucose within an appropriate range is crucial for survival. In diabetes, those who suffer episodes of severe hypoglycemia have an increased risk of death [1], [2]. The 4E1RCat is especially dependent on an adequate, continuous supply of circulating glucose to fuel

• br Introduction Glucokinase GCK hexokinase

  2021-10-08

  

  Introduction Glucokinase (GCK, hexokinase IV) is a monomeric enzyme that catalyzes the ATP-dependent conversion of glucose to glucose 6-phosphate, the first and rate-limiting step of glycolysis in the liver and pancreas [1,2]. GCK was first discovered in the early 1960's, and shortly thereafter i

• Xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes are classified as being phas

  2021-10-08

  

  Xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes are classified as being phase I, phase II and transporter enzymes, with phase I enzymes metabolizing lipophyllic xenobiotics to make them more polar so that the phase II enzymes can perform the necessary conjugation reactions that afford elimination. Although the phas

• After the origin of the family of genes for receptors

  2021-10-08

  

  After the origin of the family of genes for receptors for peptides similar to glucagon, the genes have not remained static. Not only have their sequences evolved, but also like peptides similar to glucagon (Irwin, 2001, Irwin, 2009, Irwin, 2012, Ng et al., 2010, Hwang et al., 2013), the numbers of g

• br Regulation of plasma ghrelin concentration

  2021-10-08

  

  Regulation of plasma ghrelin concentration As described above, ghrelin is primarily produced in the stomach and secreted into the blood stream. Plasma ghrelin does not significantly differ between chronic heart failure (CHF) patients and controls, although plasma ghrelin level is significantly hi

• br Materials and methods br Acknowledgments We are grateful

  2021-10-07

  

  Materials and methods Acknowledgments We are grateful for financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants No. 81661148046 and 81773762, China) and the “Personalized Medicines—Molecular Signature-based Drug Discovery and Development”, Strategic Priority Research

• Parkinson s disease is another neurodegenerative disorder af

  2021-10-07

  

  Parkinson's disease is another neurodegenerative disorder affecting H3Rs. The most common clinical symptoms of this disease are rigidity, bradykinesia, rest tremor, loss of postural reflexes, and gain impairment owing to progressive degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons in the nigro-striatal neur

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