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Of note CS associated lung injury
2019-07-05
Of note, CS-associated lung injury is closely linked with augmented influx of macrophages that subsequently intensify the lung injury [34,47] while macrophage depletion alleviates CS-induced pulmonary inflammation via reducing cytokines and chemokine production in BALF [48]. Similar effect has been
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br Diverse functions of ERK pathway Same as
2019-07-05
Diverse functions of ERK pathway Same as the other MAPK cascades, the ERK pathway is activated by several extracellular stimuli and different internal routes. ERK vitally tunes the function of various substrates in all cellular components; the nucleus, cytoplasm, membranes and the cytoskeleton. E
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br Disclosure statement br Acknowledgements This research wa
2019-07-05
Disclosure statement Acknowledgements This research was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health, NS046400 and AG022971 (SD), and a fellowship from the Korea Research Foundation, KRF-2007-357-E00016 (YTK). The authors thank Dr. Barbara Crain for assistance with the immunologi
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Introduction Enzymes have higher selectivity specificity and
2019-07-05
Introduction Enzymes have higher selectivity, specificity and efficiency than chemical catalysts. Due to their properties and their green chemistry, biocatalysts are widely used in food, textile and pharmaceutical industry [1], [2]. A high efficient biocatalyst for industrial applications must be s
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br Discussion Estradiol is known
2019-07-05
Discussion Estradiol is known as one of the stress signaling molecule [3,4,14]. Here, we showed that PH induced estradiol production before hepatocyte proliferation (Fig. 1). Conversely, the ovariectomized and orchitectomized mice produced less estradiol after PH, and had delayed liver regenerati
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From these and other studies it
2019-07-05
From these and other studies, it is clear that acriflavine is an interesting MLN2238 with pleiotropic anticancer effects [21], [22], [43]. Its past systemic use in the clinical setting as an antibiotic without any major toxicity reported encourages further development of the drug for cancer treatmen
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Cellular immune responses such as phagocytosis and apoptosis
2019-07-05
Cellular immune responses, such as phagocytosis and apoptosis, are very important processes to eradicate the invading pathogens and reduce concomitant host damage. And all of these processes are fine-tuned by the ubiquitin system (Li et al., 2016). Phagocytosis is a major mechanism of cellular immun
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br Conclusions br Conflict of interest
2019-07-04
Conclusions Conflict of interest Financial disclosure Introduction In prokaryotes, six distinct autotrophic CO2 fixation pathways have been identified so far. Of these pathways, 3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutyrate (3-HP/4-HB) cycle is one of the recently discovered pathways [1]. The 3-
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The previously described endogenous patterns of IGF induced
2019-07-04
The previously described endogenous patterns of IGF-1-induced kinase signaling, and resulting interaction between MAPK and PI3K, differ across neuronal sub-types. In R28 retinal neuron-like cells, IGF-1 treatment elicits prolonged activation (at least 80 min) of both PI3K and MAPK (Kong et al., 2016
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br Membrane receptor Indirect non genomic signaling As menti
2019-07-04
Membrane receptor: Indirect non-genomic signaling As mentioned above, not all PX-478 2HCl responses fit the classical genomic model of steroid action. The observation of excessively fast estrogen-induced biological responses led to the development of the hypothesis that estrogen could be acting
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Given that dimethylamine substitution was tolerated as in
2019-07-04
Given that dimethylamine substitution was tolerated as in SR106447 (), we investigated na inhibitor amine substitutions as replacements for the -butyl group (). Cyclic amines (SR19880, 19882) or simple mono-substituted anilines (SR20037) were not active, nor was an acetylated version (SR20039). The
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A major open question in the field
2019-07-04
A major open question in the field of lipid mediators is the molecular nature of the PLA2 enzyme involved in the release of DHA and related omega-3 fatty acids from phospholipids as a first committed step for the generation of SPMs. Although by analogy with AA it is often assumed that cPLA2α may ser
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It is believed that emphysema in smokers is
2019-07-04
It is believed that emphysema in smokers is mediated by proteases released from inflammatory sigma receptor that cause destruction of the extracellular matrix in alveolar septa [1]. Metalloprotease-12 is mainly released by macrophages and is considered the enzyme responsible for emphysematous lesio
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The discovery of proteases that are active in organic
2019-07-04
The discovery of proteases that are active in organic solvent media has greatly extended their ability in the synthesis of useful products. Microbial proteases which are able be catalyse in non-aqueous solvents present new expectation in enzyme applications. This kind of enzymes gives a major contri
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It is particularly notable that CYP D appears to be
2019-07-04
It is particularly notable that CYP2D6 appears to be the most stable of the major CYP450 rosmarinic acid in its expression over time in vitro and appears to be least affected by culture conditions and sample to sample variability (i.e., CYP2D6 expression is remarkably consistent over time and betwe
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